Astrology: Origins, Definition, and Historical Development (Part 1)

What Is Astrology?

Astrology is a system of belief that uses the positions of the planets, the Sun, and the Moon as symbolic signs to interpret human temperament, life events, and destiny. According to astrological tradition, celestial bodies influence individual characteristics and life paths through their placement at the moment of birth.

There is no known founder of astrology, and no specific date can be identified for its origin. Instead, astrology developed gradually as ancient civilizations attempted to understand the relationship between the heavens and human existence.

---

Philosophical and Occult Foundations of Astrology

Astrology is based on occult and mystical beliefs that propose a deep connection between humankind and the universe. According to this worldview, humans are considered microcosms of the larger cosmic order. From the moment of birth, an individual is believed to reflect planetary patterns, while the planets themselves mirror the inner self.

This philosophical perspective assumes that celestial movements and human experiences are interconnected through a symbolic and mystical bond, rather than through measurable physical forces.

---

The Origins of Astrology in Ancient Civilizations

There is no tangible historical evidence pinpointing the exact birth of astrology. However, most historians agree that the Chaldeans played a major role in its early development. These ancient people observed the rhythmic movement of celestial bodies, especially the visible planets, in contrast to the apparent stability of distant stars.

Because these movements appeared meaningful and repetitive, they were interpreted as signs of divine influence. As a result, planets were associated with gods and viewed as powerful forces governing earthly events.

---

Planetary Observation and Early Belief Systems

By observing the positions of the planets, the Sun, and the Moon at regular intervals and connecting them with events on Earth, ancient observers developed the belief that celestial positions and earthly events were linked by cause and effect.

Planets were assigned names, personalities, and symbolic roles. For example:

• Mercury, due to its rapid movement, was considered a messenger and trickster.

• Jupiter, known as Marduk, was seen as the most powerful deity.

Over time, planets were associated with specific constellations, a system that continues in modern astrology. Mars became linked to Aries, Mercury to Gemini, and the Sun to Leo.

---

The Spread of Astrology and Greek Influence

Astrology gradually spread to different regions of the world, evolving differently in Eastern and Western cultures. Initially, the Greeks rejected astrology, favoring rational philosophy. However, they later adopted it and transformed its use.

Because Greek culture emphasized individual personality, astrology was no longer reserved solely for kings and rulers. Instead, it became a tool for ordinary people seeking insight into their personal lives.

The term “horoscope” originates from the Greek words hora (hour) and skopos (observer), meaning “the observer of the hour.” A horoscope chart, mapping planetary positions at birth, was believed to reveal a person’s destiny.

The Greeks also assigned the Latin names to planets that are still used today.

   This article represents Part 1 of a series on the historical development of astrology.

For a deeper understanding of how astrology evolved beyond its original definitions, see Astrological Charts: Structure, Components, and Interpretations, which explains how  meaning is derived from the birth chart. The philosophical transformation of astrology is further explored in Astrology and the Shift from Fatalism to Spiritual Interpretation.