History of antibiotics

The Ancient Egyptians, the Chinese and Indians of central America all used molds to treat infected wounds. However, thy didn't understand the connection of the antibacterials properties of mold and the treatment of diseases. 

Late 1800's

The search for antibiotics began in the late 1800s, with the growing acceptance of the germ theory of disease, a theory which linked bacteria and other microbes to the causation of a variety of ailments. As a result, scientists began to devote time to searching for drugs that would kill these disease-causing bacteria.

1871

The surgeon Joseph Lister, began researching the phenomenon that urine contaminated with mold would not allow the successful growth of bacteria.

1890s

German doctors, Rudolf Emmerich and Oscar Low were the first to make an effective medication that they called pyocyanase from microbes. It was the first antibiotic to be used in hospitals. However, the drug often did not work.

1928

Sir Alexander Fleming observed that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus could be destroyed by the mold Penicillium notatum, demonstrating antibacterial properties.

1935

Prontosil, the first sulfa drug, was discovered in 1935 by German chemist Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964).

1942

The manufacturing process for Penicillin G Procaine was invented by Howard Florey (1898–1968) and Ernst Chain (1906–1979). Penicillin could now be sold as a drug. Fleming, Florey, and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize for medicine for their work on penicillin.

1943

In 1943, American microbiologist Selman Waksman (1888–1973) made the drug streptomycin from soil bacteria, the first of a new class of drugs called aminoglycosides. Streptomycin could treat diseases like tuberculosis, however, the side effects were often too severe.

1955

Tetracycline was patented by Lloyd Conover, which became the most prescribed broad spectrum antibiotic in the United States.

1957

Nystatin was patented and used to cure many disfiguring and disabling fungal infections.

1981

SmithKline Beecham patented Amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium tablets, and first sold the antibiotic in 1998 under the tradenames of Amoxicillin, Amoxil, and Trimox. Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic.

The Penicillin

In 1928 Sir Alexander Fleming observed that the colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus could be destroyed  by the mold Penicillium notatum, proving that there was an antibacterial agent there in principle. This principle later lead to medicines that could kill certain types of disease-causing bacteria inside the body.

At that time, however, the importance of Alexander Fleming's discovery was not known. Use of penicillin did not begin until the 1940s and Howard Florey and Ernst Chain isolated the active ingredient and developed a powdery form of the medicine.

History of Penicillin

Originally noticed by a French medical student, Ernest Duchesne in 1896. Penicillin was rediscovered by bacteriologist Alexander Fleming working at St. Mary's Hospital in London in 1928. He observed that a plate Staphylococcus has been contaminated by a blue-green mold and that colonies of bacteria adjacent to the mold were being dissolved. Curios, Alexander Fleming grew the mold in a pure culture and found that it produced a substance that killed a number of disease-cause bacteria. Naming the substance penicillin, Dr. Fleming in 1929 published the results of his investigations noting that his discovery might have therapeutic value if it could be produced in quantity. 

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin used x-rays to find the structural layouts of atoms and the overall molecular shape of over 100 molecules including penicillin. Dorothy's discovery of the molecular layout of penicillin helped lead scientists to develop other antibiotics.


The Source of the post is www.about.com